Cardiovascular disease
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular diseases refers to the
class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels (arteries and veins).
[1] While the term technically refers to any disease that affects the
cardiovascular system (as used in MeSH), it is usually used to refer to those
related to atherosclerosis (arterial disease). These conditions have similar
causes, mechanisms, and treatments. In practice, cardiovascular disease is
treated by cardiologists, thoracic surgeons, vascular surgeons, neurologists,
and interventional radiologists, depending on the organ system that is being
treated. There is considerable overlap in the specialties, and it is common for
certain procedures to be performed by different types of specialists in the same
hospital.
Most countries face high and increasing rates of cardiovascular disease. Each
year, heart disease kills more Americans than cancer.[2].
It is the number one cause of death and disability in the United States and most
European countries (data available through 2005). A large histological study (PDAY)
showed vascular injury accumulates from adolescence, making primary prevention
efforts necessary from childhood.[3][4]
By the time that heart problems are detected, the underlying cause
(atherosclerosis) is usually quite advanced, having progressed for decades.
There is therefore increased emphasis on preventing atherosclerosis by modifying
risk factors, such as healthy eating, exercise and avoidance of smoking.
Contents
[hide]
* 1 Biomarkers
* 2 Awareness
* 3 Types of cardiovascular diseases
* 4 Research
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links
Biomarkers
Some biomarkers are thought to offer a more detailed risk of cardiovascular
disease. However, the clinical value of these biomarkers is questionable.[5]
Currently, biomarkers which may reflect a higher risk of cardiovascular disease
include:
* Higher fibrinogen and PAI-1 blood concentrations
* Elevated homocysteine, or even upper half of normal
* Elevated blood levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine
* High inflammation as measured by C-reactive protein
* Elevated blood levels of brain natriuretic peptide (also known as B-type) (BNP)
[6]
Awareness
Atherosclerosis is a process that develops over decades and is often silent
until an acute event (heart attack) develops in later life. Population based
studies in the youth show that the precursors of heart disease start in
adolescence. The process of atherosclerosis evolves over decades, and begins as
early as childhood. The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth
Study demonstrated that intimal lesions appear in all the aortas and more than
half of the right coronary arteries of youths aged 15–19 years. However, most
adolescents are more concerned about other risks such as HIV, accidents, and
cancer than cardiovascular disease.[7] This is extremely important considering
that 1 in 3 people will die from complications attributable to atherosclerosis.
In order to stem the tide of cardiovascular disease, primary prevention is
needed. Primary prevention starts with education and awareness that
cardiovascular disease poses the greatest threat and measures to prevent or
reverse this disease must be taken.
Types of cardiovascular diseases
* Aneurysm
* Angina
* Atherosclerosis
* Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
* Cerebrovascular disease
* Congestive Heart Failure
* Coronary Artery Disease
* Myocardial infarction (Heart Attack)
Research
The causes, prevention, and/or treatment of all forms of cardiovascular disease
are active fields of biomedical research, with hundreds of scientific studies
being published on a weekly basis.
A fairly recent emphasis is on the link between low-grade inflammation that
hallmarks atherosclerosis and its possible interventions. C-reactive protein
(CRP) is an inflammatory marker that may be present in increased levels in the
blood in patients at risk for cardiovascular disease. Its exact role in
predicting disease is the subject of debate.
Some areas currently being researched include possible links between infection
with Chlamydophila pneumoniae and coronary artery disease. The Chlamydia link
has become less plausible with the absence of improvement after antibiotic
use.[8]
See also
* Oral hygiene
References
1. ^ Maton, Anthea (1993). Human Biology and Health. Englewood Cliffs, New
Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1.
2. ^ United States (1999). "Chronic Disease Overview". United States Government.
Retrieved on 2007-02-07.
3. ^ Rainwater DL, McMahan CA, Malcom GT, et al (Mar 1999). "Lipid and
apolipoprotein predictors of atherosclerosis in youth: apolipoprotein
concentrations do not materially improve prediction of arterial lesions in PDAY
subjects. The PDAY Research Group". Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 19 (3):
753–61. PMID 10073983. http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10073983.
4. ^ McGill HC, McMahan CA, Zieske AW, et al (Aug 2000). "Associations of
coronary heart disease risk factors with the intermediate lesion of
atherosclerosis in youth. The Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in
Youth (PDAY) Research Group". Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 20 (8): 1998–2004.
PMID 10938023. http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10938023.
5. ^ Wang TJ, Gona P, Larson MG, Tofler GH, Levy D, Newton-Cheh C, Jacques PF,
Rifai N, Selhub J, Robins SJ, Benjamin EJ, D'Agostino RB, Vasan RS (2006).
"Multiple biomarkers for the prediction of first major cardiovascular events and
death". N. Engl. J. Med. 355 (25): 2631–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa055373. PMID
17182988.
6. ^ Wang TJ, Larson MG, Levy D, et al (Feb 2004). "Plasma natriuretic peptide
levels and the risk of cardiovascular events and death". N Engl J Med. 350 (7):
655–63. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa031994. PMID 14960742.
7. ^ Vanhecke TE, Miller WM, Franklin BA, Weber JE, McCullough PA (Oct 2006).
"Awareness, knowledge, and perception of heart disease among adolescents". Eur J
Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 13 (5): 718–23. doi:10.1097/01.hjr.0000214611.91490.5e.
PMID 17001210.
8. ^ Andraws R, Berger JS, Brown DL (Jun 2005). "Effects of antibiotic therapy
on outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis of
randomized controlled trials". JAMA 293 (21): 2641–7.
doi:10.1001/jama.293.21.2641. PMID 15928286.
External links
Informational
* Total Cholesterol Distribution vs. CHD deaths
* Drug Class Review on Beta Adrenergic Blockers Sep 2007
Organizations
* Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics - 2006 Update from the American Heart
Association
* Cardiovascular Disease Foundation
* The British Heart Foundation
* World Health Organization cardiovascular disease site
[show]
v • d • e
Medical conditions (Diseases/Disorders/Illness, Syndromes/Sequences,
Symptoms/Signs, Injuries, etc.)
(A/B, 001-139)
Infectious disease/Infection: Bacterial disease (G+, G-) · Virus disease ·
Parasitic disease · Mycosis · Zoonosis
(C/D, 140-239)
Cancer
Tumor
Immune disorder
Immunodeficiency · Immunoproliferative disorders · Hypersensitivity
(E, 240-279)
Endocrine disease · Nutrition disorder · Inborn error of metabolism
(F, 290-319)
Mental disorder
(G, 320-359)
Nervous system disease (CNS, PNS)
(H, 360-389)
Eye disease · Ear disease
(I, 390-459)
Cardiovascular disease (Heart disease, Vascular disease)
(J, 460-519)
Respiratory disease (Obstructive lung disease, Restrictive lung disease,
Pneumonia)
(K, 520-579)
Stomatognathic disease · Digestive disease (Esophageal, Stomach, Enteropathy,
Liver, Pancreatic)
(L, 680-709)
Skin disease · skin appendages (Nail disease, Hair disease, Sweat gland disease)
(M, 710-739)
Musculoskeletal disorders
(N, 580-629)
Urologic disease (Nephropathy, Urinary bladder disease) · Breast disease
(O, 630-679)
Complications of pregnancy
(P, 760-779)
Fetal disease
(Q, 740-759)
Congenital disorder
(R, 780-799)
Syndromes · Medical signs (Eponymous)
(S/T, 800-999)
Bone fracture · Dislocations/subluxation · Sprain · Strain · Head injury · Chest
trauma · Poisoning
[show]
v • d • e
Cardiovascular disease: heart disease · Circulatory system pathology (I00-I52,
390-429)
Ischaemic/
Acute coronary
CD/CHD
CAD · Coronary thrombosis · Coronary vasospasm · Coronary artery aneurysm
Active ischemia
Angina pectoris (Prinzmetal's angina) · Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Sequelae
Myocardial stunning · Myocardial rupture · Dressler's syndrome
Layers
Pericardium
Pericarditis (Acute, Constrictive) · Pericardial effusion · Cardiac tamponade ·
Hemopericardium
Myocardium
Myocarditis
Cardiomyopathy: Dilated (Alcoholic) · Hypertrophic · Restrictive (Loeffler
endocarditis, Cardiac amyloidosis, Endocardial fibroelastosis)
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
Endocardium/
valves
Endocarditis (Subacute bacterial endocarditis, Libman-Sacks endocarditis,
Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis)
mitral (regurgitation, prolapse, stenosis) · aortic (stenosis, insufficiency) ·
tricuspid (stenosis, insufficiency) · pulmonary (stenosis, insufficiency)
Conduction/
arrhythmia
Bradycardia
Sinus bradycardia · Sick sinus syndrome
Heart block: Sinoatrial · AV (1°, 2°, 3°) · Intraventricular (Bundle
branch/Right/Left, Left anterior fascicular/Left posterior fascicular,
Bifascicular/Trifascicular) · Adams-Stokes syndrome
Tachycardia
(paroxysmal and sinus)
Supraventricular
Atrial (Multifocal) · Junctional (AV nodal reentrant, Junctional ectopic)
Ventricular
Torsades de pointes · Catecholaminergic polymorphic · Accelerated
idioventricular rhythm
Premature contraction
Atrial · Ventricular
Pre-excitation syndrome
Wolff-Parkinson-White · Lown-Ganong-Levine
Flutter/fibrillation
Atrial flutter · Ventricular flutter · Atrial fibrillation (Familial) ·
Ventricular fibrillation
Pacemaker
Wandering pacemaker · Ectopic pacemaker/Ectopic beat · Parasystole · Multifocal
atrial tachycardia
Long QT syndrome
Romano-Ward syndrome · Andersen-Tawil syndrome · Jervell and Lange-Nielsen
syndrome
Cardiac arrest
Sudden cardiac death · Asystole · Pulseless electrical activity
Other
Cardiac fibrosis · Cardiomegaly · Ventricular hypertrophy (Left, Right/Cor
pulmonale)
Heart failure (Cardiac asthma) · Rheumatic fever
See also congenital, neoplasia
[show]
v • d • e
Cardiovascular disease: vascular disease · Circulatory system pathology
(I70-I99, 440-459)
Arteries, arterioles
and capillaries
Inflammation
Arteritis (Aortitis) · Buerger's disease
Arterial occlusive disease/
peripheral vascular disease
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis (Foam cells, Fatty streak, Atheroma, Intermittent claudication)
· Monckeberg's arteriosclerosis · Arteriolosclerosis (Hyaline, Hyperplastic)
Stenosis
Renal artery stenosis · Carotid artery stenosis
Other
Fibromuscular dysplasia · Degos disease · Aortoiliac occlusive disease ·
Raynaud's phenomenon/Raynaud's disease · Erythromelalgia
Aneurysm/dissection/
pseudoaneurysm
torso: Aortic aneurysm (Abdominal aortic aneurysm) · Aortic dissection ·
Coronary artery aneurysm
head/neck: Cerebral aneurysm · Intracranial berry aneurysm · Carotid artery
dissection · Vertebral artery dissection
Vascular malformation
Arteriovenous fistula · Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia
Nevus
Spider angioma · Halo nevus · Cherry angioma
Veins
Inflammation
Phlebitis
Venous thrombosis/
Thrombophlebitis
primarily lower limb (Deep vein thrombosis)
abdomen (May-Thurner syndrome, Portal vein thrombosis, Budd-Chiari syndrome,
Renal vein thrombosis)
upper limb/torso (Paget-Schroetter disease, Mondor's disease)
head (Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis)
Post-thrombotic syndrome
Varicose veins
Varicocele · Gastric varices · Portacaval anastomosis (Hemorrhoid, Esophageal
varices, Caput medusae)
Other
Superior vena cava syndrome · Inferior vena cava syndrome · Venous ulcer
Arteries or veins
Vasculitis · Thrombosis · Embolism (Pulmonary embolism, Cholesterol embolism) ·
Angiopathy (Macroangiopathy, Microangiopathy)
Lymphatic disease
Lymphadenitis · Lymphangitis · Lymphedema
Blood pressure
Hypertension
Hypertensive heart disease · Hypertensive nephropathy · Secondary hypertension (Renovascular
hypertension) · Pulmonary hypertension · Malignant hypertension · Systolic
hypertension · White coat hypertension
Hypotension
Orthostatic hypotension
See also congenital, neoplasia
[show]
v • d • e
Certain conditions originating in the perinatal period / fetal disease (P,
760-779)
Maternal factors and complications
Umbilical cord prolapse - Nuchal cord - Chorioamnionitis
Length of gestation and fetal growth
Small for gestational age - Large for gestational age - Premature birth -
Postmature birth
Birth trauma
Cephalhematoma - Brachial plexus lesion (Erb's palsy, Klumpke paralysis)
Respiratory
Intrauterine hypoxia - Infant respiratory distress syndrome - Transient
tachypnea of the newborn - Meconium aspiration syndrome - pleural disease (Pneumothorax,
Pneumomediastinum) - Wilson-Mikity syndrome - Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Cardiovascular
Pneumopericardium - Persistent fetal circulation
Haemorrhagic and haematological/
hematologic disease
Haemorrhagic disease of the newborn - Hemolytic disease of the newborn - Rh
disease - Hydrops fetalis - Hyperbilirubinemia (Kernicterus, Neonatal jaundice)
Digestive system
Ileus - Necrotizing enterocolitis
Integument and temperature regulation
Erythema toxicum
Other disorders
Periventricular leukomalacia - Gray baby syndrome - muscle tone (Congenital
hypertonia, Congenital hypotonia) - Perinatal infection (Congenital rubella
syndrome) - Velamentous cord insertion - Omphalitis
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_disease"
Categories: Cardiovascular diseases | Medical conditions related to obesity
* This page was last modified on 15 January 2009, at 05:09.
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